Karangan MY MOM, MY BEST FRIENDS, MY ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM, TYPICAL INDONESIAN FOOD, LEBARAN DAY AND MY FIRST DAY IN ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM

MY MOM

My mom is the best mom in the world. I have known her for twenty one years and several month. I know her very well because she is my favorite person where I can talk to her about everything, everyone, or anything. she is the most influential person who inspires me.

My mom also a good listener when I talk to her about problems that I am having in my life. She always wise, dependable, and great when solves my problems. I can expression my attitude if I less understand about something that relates with woman problem. I also discuss about my secret problem so I can talk to her from heart to heart about my private business. I love that’s part.

I had learned to love her since the day we first met. I still remember when she was telling me a bedtime story. She always wakes me up every morning at 05.00 o’clock so I did not skip the freshness at sunrise. It’s the most nice condition in my life. I also proud with my mom. Sometimes I hear a story about my birth from my father. He tell me how important I was to my mom. She always care me, even she until don’t sleep just for keep me every night

My mom is amazing woman that is present on every important part in my life. Every I get problem, she always give me solution and support. She is my motivator too. She keep smile although I make mistake. She never beat or angry with me, she just gives me good advice and suggestion about what must in do and what must not in do. She is always good looking although she have many problem. She never complain about whatever. She always care on people in the around her. I love my mom

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MY BEST FRIEND

Friend is really important for me. Friend is the person who is sharing my mood with me whenever I’m happy or sad. I am a student in Haluoleo University. As a student I have a best friend. Her name is Fitri Laura, but everyone and I call her “Laura”. She is twenty years old same with my age so we are match in all thing. Even my other friends consider us twins. Laura is a kind girl. She always polite and friendly when she meets me  everywhere. She also smart girl.  She always help me to complete my homework. We usually met in several place for study together. Except study in campus, we also followed course to improve our English language.

Laura  is a funny person. She always tells me some funny stories in order to reduce stress from studying. She wants be a lecture and me too. She well in to make a poetry and she is also to write her experience in a book. In side that,  she skill in to play badminton, swimming and she number one in fighter. She is a multitalented woman.

She lives in a dormitory. She is a diligent student and hard work. She also work in  restaurant  if she has a free time. She's good at divide time between study and work part-time without compromising one of them. She is always sincere and patient in her activities. She was enjoying in living her life. She is kind but not talk too much with the person that she isn’t known very well. She is really good personality and dependable. I like to be friend  with her. I always hope we will be friends forever.

MY ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM

English is the most important language after Indonesian language because English is an international language in the world. Follow me, English is language that interesting because offer some benefits that’s very important for student. In side that, most people use English as communication tools. From that’s problem, I am interest for study English.

When I still in senior high school I had interest for learn English. My English value is always good. Even I follow debate competition. Although I am not a winner, I feel glad, fun and happy because English is my favorite subject.

Now, I am studying in English study program in Haluoleo  University semester 8. My English study program is good. It is have many teacher that great, discipline, and make student for always study hard although me as ones student in my English study program still lazy and some times less care in my lesson but now I am must improving my knowledge.

I know my knowledge about English is still less so starting now I must more evoke my knowledge especially my pronunciation and grammar , I also know that I must more to evoke my knowledge with more spirit for course, speaking club, etc.

My English study program is ones study program in teacher and training education faculty that have many student. We have a building for study where anybody calls C Build. My study program is offer any benefits if to choice this study program as like we can be a teacher, reporter in VOA, etc because the English language offers many opportunities for pursue a career.

TYPICAL INDONESIAN FOOD

Indonesia is a country in Southeast Asia. With a multitude of languages and ethnic groups spread across 17,000 islands, it is no surprise that the food in Indonesia is as diverse as its geography so the tourism called traveling Indonesia  as a culinary journey. In side that, food in Indonesia also has been influenced other case as like colonization where Indonesia rich will native spices such as nutmeg and cloves so the traders from some country come for trading  automotically food in indonesia get influence from this process.

Although have a multitude foods, Indonesia still have typical indonesian food as like satay served with peanut sauce, ketupat, soto ayam, tahu telor, otak otak, nasi goreng, gado gado, beef rendang, telor keprok, and not forget on every  dishes always completed with kerupuk. In several restaurant usually provide foods on one packet consists of steamed rice and one or two main dishes made of fish, meat, chicken or vegetables, sometimes including soup, all of which are served together. A common side dish is sambal. This is a dish that always present on every kinds of food.

We know that Indonesia's main staple is rice so we can find several food that mades from it although served either plain or fried with spices. Nasi goreng and gado – gado are foods that made from that so no traveler can pass through Indonesia without eating fried rice, Indonesia's tasty version of fried rice. This popular, low-cost dish is eaten by Indonesians regularly for dinner and sometimes even breakfast. Garlic, shallot, tamarind, and chili lend fried rice its delicious flavor. Still use main staple rice, we can try gado – gado. This is  a great choice for vegetarians. Gado-gado usually consists of stir-fried vegetables coated with a thick peanut sauce for protein.

The typical indonesian food is identic from manner of eating where mayority from Indonesia people are eaten with the fingers or with a spoon and fork. But the most popular is with the fingers as like Indonesians use their right hand because with the fingers made food yummy and more delicious. So in several rumah makan (eating house) always provides a bowl of water on the table for dipping our right hand so clean or just keep polite with our friends if we eat together.

Kendari in Southeast Sulawesi is ones island in Indonesia country thats also has typical food as like Sinonggi. This is dishes that made from sago that served with fish of palmara and coconut mink vegetable are eaten with chopsticks. Hot and spicy is the typical from this food.

 

LEBARAN DAY

Lebaran is Idul Fitri day in celebration every year by moeslims in all country in the world includes Indonesia as like the celebration that comes on every Ramadhan month. The meaning of Idul Fitri is “becoming holy again”. Ramadan, vary from year to year, based on the Muslim calendar (Hijrah) that exact date is determined by the sighting of the new moon.

Lebaran is always relation with the fasting month of Ramadhan where during this month. The fast begins in the morning just before sunrise, at Imsak, and is broken at maghrib at sunset. The Muslims must refrain from eating, drinking, smoking, getting angry, using bad language, lying, more diligent for prayer and give to harities during the daylight hours. It is believe that fasting heightens spirituality and develops self-control because fasting during the month of Ramadhan is one of the five pillars of Islam.

The unique activities on this montsh is we will always hear the call to prayer is sounded from mosques. In addition, groups of young boys and girls walk around neighborhoods beating on drums and other noise makers to awaken the faithful (and their neighbors) yelling out "sahur, sahur"; Unique and interest.

The breaking of the fast at sunset is a very social occasion for which special foods are prepared for gatherings with family or friends. Upon hearing the sound of the bedug drum on the television or the call to prayer from the neighborhood mosque at sunset, the faithful know it's time to break their fast, or buka puasa. This is usually done with a very sweet drink and sweet snacks.as eample pisang ijo ice, teler ice, ice tea, etc. Maghrib prayers are made before a dinner. Taraweh congregational prayers are held in neighborhood mosques and at gatherings every evening at about 7:30 p.m.

After finished fasting during Ramdhan month, we can hear takbiran as like the prayer celebration on the evening of the last day of Ramadhan, to herald in the Idul Fitri holiday. Chants are praised to Allah, drums are beat endlessly, dances, songs, religious prayers and sermons are given in public displays of excitement and praise to Allah SWT. Next is the time for muslims made Id prayers together. Idul Fitri begins with mass prayer gatherings early in the morning at mosques, open fields, parks and on major streets. It is an amazing sight to see rows of hundreds of Muslim women all dressed in their mukena (white, head-to-toe prayer gowns) performing the synchronized prayer ritual. Muslim men tend to wear sarong, traditional shirts and peci hats to Idul Fitri morning prayers.

After it, Muslims will visit their family and friends to ask for forgiveness for any wrongs they have committed in the previous year. They express this wish in the phrase “Mohon Maaf Lahir Batin” or Minal aidzin Wal Faidzin” which means "forgive me from the bottom of my heart for my wrong doings in the past year. Traditional foods as like ketupat, soup, rendang, etc are consumed, family and friends gather to ask forgiveness and exchange greetings, new clothing is worn, children receive gifts of money and visits are made to recreational parks . All to celebrate the successful completion of the fasting month.

MY FIRST DAY IN ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM

Kriiiiiiiiing, kriiing, kriiinnnng  went my alarm o’clock, waked me up from my fall sleep on this morning. . I felt excited and at the same time I was very nervous because it was my first day in the university and I did not know any person. Hm how about this? Oh God I am very nervous to day and tried to close my full body with my blanket again for thinking what I can do in campus later. I want to forget it and tried to sleep again but accidently my mother voice get me up heared in my ear. Very near.

            I saw the watch in the wall has been showed time 07.00 a.m. I take towel and bath tools then go to bathroom for bathing. After that weared my clothes and I walked to my campus because was very near with my dormitory. It was  Haluoleo University. I walked to my classroom but my first problem was I didn't know how to arrive to my classroom. I was lost and I had to ask one person about the building where I was going to take classes. This person was very nice and told me the right direction. I walked to the building, and when I arrived I saw some people and I felt strange. I approached to one girl and I asked for the classroom and we discovered that we where in the same group and I felt less nervous. I introduced myself and She also did it, her name was Silvi. We came in the classroom and the time to start classes began. When we began our classes, all our classmates were quiet, nobody talked. the teacher arrived early. she started the class and after that we introduced ourselves.

Then I saw my others classmates and I looked at two girls they were nila and yuni.I approached with them and I talked with Nila and Yuni . I introduced myself, then they did the same and we began to know more about each other, like where we were from or what we did. After that, we spent the rest of the day together started from visited laboratory, library, and walked to cafetaria for lunch and each person talked aboth her life until we had to go home.

I am always going to remember that day because I had the opportunity to meet more people and the most important I met the best friends that I have ever had. Finally, I think that it is natural that on the first day we feel nervous, but the things always have a happy ending, that's why I say that my first day in the university was very good.

 

Tes tes ngarang

Me

Contoh Makalah Drama "audience"

Assignment:

“THE ELEMENT OF DRAMA

(AUDIENCE)”

BY:

INDA RAHAYU                                 (A1D4 09 028)

MUH. OKTARA WANDY S              (A1D4 09 041)    

SALMA ABDUHU                                       (A1D4 08 094)

WA ODE SULASMIN                        (A1D4 09 071)

WA ODE SITI NURINDAH               (A1D4 09 078)

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

  general

Drama is a form of literature. In the drama, the writer wanted to convey a message through acting and dialogue. Usually drama show something common in our daily lives, so that the audience are invited to participate as if watching and feel the life and events in the community. There are different types of drama: Comedy, tragedy, farce, mellow drama and musical.

Beside that we must know the essential element of drama, there are:

      1.      Character

      2.      Plot

      3.      Theme

     4.      Dialogue

     5.      Convention

     6.      Genre

     7.      Audience

     8.      Stagecraft

     9.      Design

    10.   Conversion

In this matter we can tell more about one of the essential element of drama, that is audience.  

Ø  Purpose

Our purpose in discussing this matter is to discuss more about one of the elements of the drama that is the audiences.

Ø  Objective of this write

-          To explain the definition of audience

-          To explain history of audience

-          To explain the types of audience

-          To explain audience aspect

CHAPTER II

A.    DEFINITION OF AUDIENCE

Audience is the assembled spectators or listener at a public event such us a play, film, concert, or meeting, the people who watch or listen to a television or radio, readership of a newspaper, magazine, or book and the people giving attention to something.

B.     HISTORY OF AUDIENCE

Because the development of the concept of an audience and the evolution of different forms of media are intertwined, their growth is connected throughout history. According to Tony Bennett, “the modern concept of the audience as the receivers of messages from a centralized source of transmission, then, was not present at the birth of the modern media but has emerged in tandem with their development and, in part, as a product of their own practices.”

The examination of audiences is a new field. Researchers paid relatively little attention to audiences before the invention of television and radio in the early twentieth-century. Robert Snyder described how technological advances radically re-formed the way audiences were conceived.

Through the middle of the nineteenth century, the audience for popular entertainment was constituted in highly public places. In the twentieth century, however, popular culture came to be defined by records, film, radio, and television– the products of a centralized entertainment industry that disseminates what it produces to a nationwide, and increasingly international, audience.

New, modern methods for communicating, entertaining, and conveying information produced different variations of the public.

With the increasing popularity of film in the early twentieth century and the rapid diffusion of radio in the 1920s, and 1930s, the composition of the public shifted dramatically. As the new media captured the public imagination, community-based group faded further. Advertisers and politicians started to exploit new communication technologies to influence buying and voting decisions while broadcasters developed new means to study their audiences.

Recently, however, scholars from various fields (media studies, cultural studies, anthropology, psychology, consumer research, and the newest addition, audience studies) have begun to investigate audiences.

Whilst the second half of the twentieth century saw a significant growth in audience studies, with the actual concept of ‘the audience’ moving through the arc of passive sap to interactive player, it was arguably the 1990s with saw the most significant shift in thinking about the audience with the widespread incursion of the internet into everyday lives and culture and the explosion in talk and reality TV shows.

Knowledge about audiences has become an increasingly important commodity for media producers. Broadcasters and advertisers spend a significant amount of time and money in an attempt to learn about those who watch/read/listen to different kinds of media. In their efforts to market products and increase the popularity of their programming (be it audio, visual, or textual), researchers work to meet the high demand for information about audience preferences and tastes.

Audience measurement is a type of audience research that documents the size and composition of media audiences. It allows patterns of audience activity to be tracked over time and it generates the type of data that permits comparison of audience behavior from one medium to another. An industry-based research service, audience measurement generates information that is essential to the operation of media industries. Information about audience size and composition is, after all, the basis on which programming and pricing decisions are made.

This connection between audience research and marketing has greatly influenced how media producers understand the public and design their products. Often, the success or failure of a media product (a television show, movie, radio program, and website) is determined by audience response, and so it follows that examinations of the public as media consumers has a direct impact on the kind of media that are developed. As Richard Peterson writes, “media history offers many illustrations of how audiences and markets are only tenuously related to each other and how the measurement concepts and methods of the time determine that relationship”. Often, those producing media are advised to “know your audience” and tailor their products for a specific group, a specific taste, specific values, etc. “An occasional premise of communicator studies has been that professional mass communicators hold or at least, ought to hold some image of their audience”. As previously stated, these kinds of statements become problematic in that the definition of an audience is unclear. With no concrete notion of exactly what an audience is (or, for that matter, is not), it continues to be challenging to clarify these ideas. As James Anderson reminds us, “theories of the audience should take account of the fact that ‘it’ is always a construction."

C.    TYPES OF AUDIECE

1. Particular (real) Audiences

In rhetoric, particular audiences depend on circumstance and situation, and are characterized by the individuals that make up the audience. Particular audiences are subject to persuasion and engage with the ideas of the speaker. Ranging in size and composition, particular audiences can come together to form a "composite" audience of multiple particular groups.

2. Immediate Audiences

An immediate audience is a type of particular audience that is composed of individuals who are face-to-face subjects with a speaker and a speaker’s rhetorical text or speech. This type of audience directly listens to, engages with, and consumes the rhetorical text in an unmediated fashion. In measuring immediate audience reception and feedback, (audience measurement), one can depend on personal interviews, applause, and verbal comments made during and after a rhetorical speech.

3. Mediated audiences

In contrast to immediate audiences, mediated audiences are composed of individuals who consume rhetorical texts in a manner that is different from the time or place in which the speaker presents a text. Audiences who consume texts or speeches through television, radio, and Internet are considered mediated audiences because those mediums separate the rhetoric and the audience. Understanding the size and composition of mediated audiences can be difficult because mediums such as television, radio, and Internet can displace the audience from the time and circumstance of a rhetorical text or speech. In measuring mediated audience reception and feedback (a practice called audience measurement), one can depend on opinion polls and ratings, as well as comments and forums that may be featured on a website.

4. Theoretical (imagined) audiences

Theoretical audiences are audiences that are imagined for the purpose of helping the speaker compose, or a critic to understand, a rhetorical text or speech.

5. Self as audience (self-deliberation)

When rhetoric deeply considers, questions, and deliberates over the content of the ideas they are conveying, it can be said that these individuals are addressing the audience of self, or self-deliberating. Scholars Chaim Perelman and L. Olbrechts Tyteca, in their book The New Rhetoric: A Treatise on Argumentation, argue that the rhetoric "is in a better position than anyone else to test the value of his own arguments." The audience of self, while not serving as the ends to all rhetorical purpose or circumstance, nevertheless acts as a type of audience that not only operates as a function of self-help, but as instrument used to discover the available means of persuasion.

6. Universal audience

The universal audience is an imagined audience that serves as an ethical and argumentative test for the rhetoric. It requires the speaker to imagine a composite audience that contains individuals from diverse backgrounds and to discern whether or not the content of the rhetorical text or speech would appeal to individuals within that audience. Scholars Perelman and Olbrechts Tyteca ascertain that the content addressed to a universal audience "must convince the reader that the reasons adduced are of a compelling character that they are self-evident, and possess an absolute and timeless validity". The concept of the universal audience has received criticism for being idealistic because it can be considered as an impediment in achieving persuasive effect with particular audiences. Yet, it still may be useful as an ethical guide for a speaker and a critical tool for a reader or audience.

7. Ideal audience

An ideal audience is a rector’s imagined, intended audience. In creating a rhetorical text, rhetoric imagines a target audience, a group of individuals that will be addressed, persuaded, or affected by the speech or rhetorical text. This type of audience is not necessarily imagined as the most receptive audience, but as the future particular audience that the rhetoric will engage with. Imagining such an audience allows rhetoric to formulate appeals that will grant success in engaging with the future particular audience. In considering an ideal audience, rhetoric can imagine future conditions of mediation, size, demographics, and shared beliefs among the audience to be persuaded.

8. Implied audience

An implied audience is an imaginary audience determined by an auditor or reader as the text's constructed audience. The implied audience is not the actual audience, but the one that can be inferred by reading or analyzing the text. Communications scholar Edwin Black, in his essay, The Second Person, presents the theoretical concept of the implied audience using the idea of two personae. The first persona is the implied rhetoric (the idea of the speaker formed by the audience) and the second persona is the implied audience (the idea of the audience formed by and utilized for persuasion in the speech situation). A critic could also determine what the text wants that audience to become or do after the rhetorical situation, is a group of people who enjoy listening to various music or speeches. The person who empower them the most, is it reformed yes or no?

D.    AUDIENCE ASPECT

The ultimate goal of staging is the audience. Audience response going back and forth between the audience and watched. Some directors are less concerned about the audience and assume that the audience is a group of consumers who will be able to take for granted what is presented. Thus, if there is a failure in the performance, the audience is often considered not understand or less educated to understand the idea of a staging.

Because the audience is one element in the play, the director, and the team needs to consider staging crowd trouble.

1.      Reasons people watch
a.   Basic human desire.

·         Recognition is the audience can recognize the existence of life seen in the play. Life is manifested through the actor who played.

·         Adventure is human life is not complete without having a new experience that matters. Theatre is a world of action adventure.

·         Safety, the safest way is to do in life as a spectator. The audience   witnessed the events (also sad) in the stage, but he does not experience it.

b.     similarity driving

            Most of the emotions that dominate the story is based on the similarity of emotions the audience and actors. Similarity driving them together, the audience knew back several aspects of himself on stage and felt able to take part in the scenes in the play.

c.     Another reason: the variation of life, relaxation, gives it a rest for the mind, provide entertainment. In addition, the theater provides a unique artistic and emotional beauty. Reasons people to watch should be considered by the director and team performances so the audience does not get bored and leave before staging is complete.

2.      Audience Response
a.     artistic Detachment

        Response is an ideal, because the audience is able to maintain the artistic objectivity. This is achieved by determining the aesthetic work of art in mind. These responses resulted in what is called the aesthetic experience.

b.     participation illusion.

Due to the similarity of the driving reasons, spectators often have the illusion of participation with fantasy stories. This is indicated by the imitative motor (body movement in accordance with the motion in the play) and the identification of emotion (the audience sees the character sees himself as figures).

         Because the ideal response to the audience is artistic detachment, there are some things that need to be considered by the directors, namely:

·            Creating arrangement / structuring the right upper auditorium (the audience) and the stage area.

·            The artistic boundaries proscenium.

·            Stage area light and the dark auditorium.

CHAPTER III

A.    CONCLUTION

The audience is most important, where a group of individuals gathered together at a certain time and place for no purpose other than to see the performance (though some may be doing other things: placing bets, writing reviews, wasting time, etc.), that is aware of itself as a group.

REFERENCES

http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/audience

http://csmt.uchicago.edu/glossary2004/audience.htm

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/audience

http://novaonline.nvcc.edu/eli/spd130et/audthea.htm

http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/590310/theatrical-production/42005/Relation-to-the-audience

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audience

http://www.answers.com/topic/audience